ੴ ਸਤਿਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥
(From Fareedkot Teeka)
Blessed is the paper, blessed is the pen, blessed is the ink.
Blessed is the writer, O Nanak, who writes the True Name. ||1||
(Guru Nanak Sahib. Raag Malaar Ang 1291)
ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕਾ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ
ਵਹਿਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕੀ ਫਤਿਹ॥
This year sees the celebration of the 300 year Gurgaddi Divas of Sahib Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji Maharaaj, to mark the occasion I have put together an extended photo-essay.
This photo-essay is a celebration of Gurmukhi calligraphy and typography, it is my hope to show just a little of the rich and beautiful varieties of Gurmukhi calligraphy and typography.
The collection of images is fairly wide ranging and personal, I have tried to post the pictures in some semblance of a chronological order , but as I have said it is a very personal collection of images and examples that have moved me in someway.
The pictures are culled from a number of sources, some of these sources are highly contentious. The aim of the post is to celebrate Gurmukhi - I have avoided any critique, commentary or evaluation of the material. The traditions surrounding the particular 'Pothis' or 'Saroops' has not been challenged and a non judgemental approach is taken with regard to any issues about 'Authenticity'.
This post is a celebration - it is my hope that readers will take this on board and make any responses in that vein.
The post includes images from controversial groups and literature - as well as 'saroops' which include 'raagmala' and 'saroops' which do not, as well as 'saroops' which have 'non traditional' material.
It is not my aim to upset or cause controversy - I am in no way endorsing any particular viewpoint - infact all viewpoints will find much to bolster their own particular views - I have chosen not to comment and keep this post a 'Celebration' of the wealth, diversity and beauty of Gurmukhi in all it's forms, from the 'Nisans' and 'hukumnamey' of the Guru Sahiban to 'Saroops' of Guru Sahib, to everyday examples of 'Gurmukhi'.
I hope you all enjoy this extended photo-essay - I am very aware it is a huge collection, I have tried to prune it and edit it , even so it is still huge. I hope you will persevere to the end, your patience will be rewarded with a veritable feast of wonderful images.
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A Celebration of Gurmukhi.
Traditionally two manuscripts lay claim to being the earliest Sikh manuscripts, these are in the possession of the family of Prithi Chand (eldest brother of Guru Arjan Dev ji) and the family of Baba Mohan, the son of Guru Amar Dass ji.
The Guru Harsahai Pothi
The Guru Harsahai Pothi was in the custody of the Sodhi Family, descendents of Prithi Chand, the eldest brother of Guru Arjan Dev ji, until it was lost in 1970.
The Sodhis claim it is the Pothi of Guru Nanak Sahib - scribed during their lifetime and given to Guru Angad Sahib as a signifier of the 'Gurgaddi'.
From a purely textual viewpoint Mann (2001) has argued that the script is of a very early type, the 'kanna' vowel sign is not present, and many 'Gurmukhi akhar' have not attained their standard form.
The 'Mangalcharan' of the Guru Harsahai Pothi - ' (Ek) Oankar Sachnam Kartaar' 'Baba Nanak' - the lack of the 'kanna' and the form of the letters suggest it is a very early manuscript.
The Guru Harsahai pothi
The Goindval Pothis
The Goindval Pothis are in the custody of the Bhalla Family , descendents of Baba Mohan, son of Guru Amar Dass ji, hence they are also called the Mohan Pothis. Tradition says that these pothis were scribed during the Guruship of Guru Amar Dass by Sahansram, son of Baba Mohan. One pothi is in the custody of the Bhallas at Jalandhar and the other is with the Bhallas of Pinjore.
The Gurmukhi characters in these pothis, like those of the Guru Harsahai pothi are of an early type as are the vowel sound signs. If we look at the opening pages we see 'minakari' , decoration and illumination , also note how the pothis are bound 'portrait' book style, not in the classically Indian Pothi 'landscape' style.
In this image we can see the Gurmukhi characters as recorded in the Goindval pothis.
The following images are from the Pothi at Jalandhar ;
The 'var' (blessing) and date
Raag Suhi
Sample of the handwriting of the second scribe of the Jalandhar pothi
Images from the Pothi at Pinjore
Raag Raamkali
Raag Sorath
Raag Sarang
The Kartarpuri Birh
The Kartarpur Birh Manuscript is traditionally agreed to be the 'Pothi Sahib' scribed by Bhai Gurdas as Guru Arjan Dev ji dictated. The birh is in the custody of the Sodhis of Kartarpur , descendants of Dhirmal, the great grandson of Guru Arjan Dev ji.The descendents of Dhirmal and those of Prithi Chand are part of the 'Panj Mel' known as 'Minas' ('scoundrels') groups ostracized by Sikh Sangat, as enshrined in 18th century Rehatnamey, because of their contention that they constituted a separate 'Guru' lineage. It is for all these reasons (and many other reasons) that much intense debate, arguement and disagreement has surrounded this birh.
As I have said we are celebrating Gurmukhi - so will look at this aspect. The Kartarpuri Birh shows how Gurmukhi was standardized by Guru Sahib - the elements, early character forms and vowel sounds such as the lack of the use of a 'kanna' or the use of a 'bindi' in it's place, that can be found in the Goindval and Har Sahai pothis, have become more familiar and standardised in this birh.
Nishans and Hukumnamey
Here we have examples of the handwriting of the Guru Sahiban (many of these were lost in the army attack on Amritsar in 1984)
The nishan of Guru Arjan Dev ji from the Kartapuri Birh
Penti Akhari - Gurmukhi alphabet in the hand of Guru Arjan Dev ji
The Nishan of Guru Hargobind Sahib in a pothi in the Central Sikh Museum
The Nishan of Guru Har Rai Sahib - from a saroop of Guru Sahib at the Ram Rai Darbar , Dehra Dun
A hukumnama sent by Guru Har Krishan ji to the Sangat of Pattann (Fareed ke)
text of hukumnama
The Nishan of Guru Tegh Bahader Sahib from a Saroop in the Patiala Archives
The Nishan of Guru Tegh Bahader Sahib from a Saroop of Guru Sahib in the Reference Library Amritsar
a 'Hukum Khaas Furman' from Guru Tegh Bahader Sahib to the Sangat of Patna - thanking them for their assistance at the birth of Guru Gobind Singh ji.
text;
Hukumnama from Guru Tegh Bahadar Sahib to the Sangat of Mirzapur
text;
Here is a very interesting Hukumnama sent by Guru Tegh Bahadar Sahib - to the Sangat of Pattann - it is interesting for two reasons first is the line "Sarbat Sangat Divali no darshan aavana" - confirming the tradition of seeking Darshan at Divali and the second extremely interesting reason is Guru Sahib's use of the term "Khalsa" in the line "Pattann di Sangat Sri Guru Ji da Khalsa he"
text;
Hukumnama from Guru Gobind Singh ji to the Sangat of Banaras
text;
Hukumnama from Guru Gobind Singh ji to Bhai Triloka and Bhai Rama from the fanily of Phul - also known as the Patiala Hukumnama - includes the line 'Tera ghar mera assey' - later used as the 'Motto' on the crest of the Patiala Maharajas
text;
Nishan of Guru Gobind Singh Ji - from an illuminated folio of Sri Aad Granth Sahib, Patna
Nishan of Guru Gobind Singh - from a gutka in the possession of the Bagrian Family
Hukumnamey of Mata Sahib Devan
text;
text;
Hukumnama from Banda Bahadar to Bhai Dharam Singh & Param Singh of Village Bhai Rupa - includes the line "Panj Hathiyaar badh aavana" and his 'Stamp' or 'mohur' - 'Degho Tegho Futteh u Nusrat be dirang Yaafat az Nanak Guru Gobind Singh' in Persian - Also noteworthy , though it is not very clear, is that the Hukum begins with 'Ek Onkar Fateh Darshan' - The Bandai Greeting.
In this hukumnama from Banda Bahada the 'mohur' is clearer, as is the 'Fateh Darshan' greeting - Also note the interesting injunctions in the 'Rehat'
text;
Hukumnama from Mata Sundari to Bhai Rame village Bhai Rupa
Puratan saroops of Sri Guru Granth Sahib
The British Library Saroop of Aad Granth Sahib - a very early manuscript illuminated in a characteristic Persian style. This manuscript dates in part from the middle of the 17th century (c.1660-75), and is therefore one of the twenty oldest known copies in existence. It was purchased by the British Museum in 1884 from the Reverend A Fischer, who had been the principal of a missionary school in Amritsar, Panjab.
This saroop of Sri Aad Granth Sahib is in a private North American collection - it is dated 1673 CE , though this has not been corroborated. The Birh contains the Nishan of Guru Tegh Bahadar Sahib - the calligraphy is beautifully crisp, clear and easy to read.
The Baba Ala Singh Burj 'Khas Birh' - it includes the nishan of Dasmesh Pita - the pictures shows the closing 'ang'.
This Birh of Sri Dasm Granth is said to have been scribed by Bhai Daya Singh Ji ( the first Panj Piara) - it is housed at the Aurangabad Gurdwara in Maharashtra
This Saroop of the Damdami Birh was scribed by Baba Deep Singh Ji - it is housed at Gurdwara Chhevin Padshahi, Dist. Jalandhar.
Hazoor Sahib birhs -
This birh has illustrations of the Guru Sahiban
'Barhe Baba ji'
It is said this bir was scribed by Bhai Mani Singh
Dasm Granth Birh
A Saroop of Sri Guru Granth Sahib dated CE 1795 from the Collection of the Guru Nanak Museum Leicester
The Patiala 'Sunehri Birh' , the closing angs of this birh .
A 'birh' scribed in Kartarpur in 1799 (CE 1742)
Patna Sahib Birh - the calligraphy is exceptional - the picture shows a note by the scribe saying the birh has been copied and checked against the Aad Granth birh scribed by Bhai Gurdas ji.
The Wonderful calligraphy of a Patna Sahib birh - the flowing vowel signs and perfectly formed gurmukhi 'akhar' are hypnotic.
The 'tatkare' - 'contents page' of a birh in the possesion of the family of the Late Dr Chanan Singh Chan of Coventry UK. The birh is dated 1749 (CE 1692) - If you look at the top line you will see, after the mangalcharan, the line 'Sri Guru Granth Sahib' - this is extremely rare as such a description is not found in most 'hath likht' saroops
Puratan Saroops from the collection of Baba Sarabjot Singh Bedi in Una.
Spectacular calligraphy of a Puratan Saroop housed at the Sri Guru Singh Sabha, Hounslow. UK
Illuminated saroops decorated in Kashmiri Style
From the collection of the Punjabi University Patiala - dated circa 1820
From the collection of Sikh Dharma Espanola USA
From the collection of the British Library dated circa 1859
From the Sikh Reference Library Amritsar
Decorated Dasm Granth From the collection of the British Library
The decorated Saroops are from the Collection of the National Museum , New Delhi.
When examining puratan saroops it is difficult to ascertain dates and build up any information about the scribes, the lack of provenance means their study is a very difficult task. One Saroop which has received much attention is housed in the collection of the National Museum , New Delhi. Not only is the patron of the Saroop known the scribes and dates are also known as they are part of the manuscript. This Saroop is a profusely decorated copy of the Damdami Birh - lavishly illuminated in Kashmiri style. The saroop was commissioned by Sodhi Bhan Singh of Haranpur (district Jhelum) between 1839 and 1843, it was produced by Kashmiri artist Miha Singh and the scribe Misar Prakas. Bhan Singh was a Sodhi decendent of Prithi Chand (boycotted as 'Minas') some have argued the production of this birh was an attempt to show the real or imagined postion of Bhan Singh - he is shown at the centre of many illustrations, in one he is worshipping Mahakaal and in another performing a 'Havan' . The Sodhis regained some standing and prestige during the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh - it is thought this birh was intended to be presented to Ranjit Singh - the birh is of a very large format - intended to be on 'display'.
The birh also has a number of very interesting elements - Indic deities such as the incarnations of Vishnu are shown in 'dvadashakamalas' - twelve petalled lotuses, perhaps the most striking element is the 'Onkaars' that head the 'raag' sections and the 'tatkara' - they are composite illustrations showing Devi, Brahma, Vishnu and Lakhsmi - sometimes the 'Oankaars' are flanked by Ganesh and Hanuman. The 'Formless' made from Indic deities.
One image stands out for me above all others, that is the illustration on the 'Tatkara' - the contents page. Here we see the tradition of Bhai Banno, it is said that when Guru Arjan Sahib finished dictating the Aad Granth to Bhai Gurdas the scribe , he sent Bhai Banno to Lahore to have the Pothi bound. Bhai Banno made a copy of the pothi which he also had bound. He presented both the volumes to Guru Sahib. In the illustration from this birh we can see Bhai Banno and Bhai Gurdas standing by their respective 'birhs' and Guru Arjan Dev Ji is pointing to the birh scribed by Bhai Gurdas as the accepted birh.
There is another tradition which claims that Guru Sahib accepted both 'birhs' - terming Bhai Banno's birh the 'Khari Birh' - this tradition claims that Guru Sahib had wanted there to be only one birh - which Sangat would seek out and gain 'Mukti' - but as Bhai Banno had created a copy - this would start a tradition where copies would be available to all and all who sought their darshan would gain 'mukhti'.
I will leave it to the reader to make their own minds with regard to the reasons the illustrations of deities and other subjects are present in this 'birh' - here are some illustrations;
Contents page and Bhai Banno Illustration and the 'First Oankaar'
The images of the Guru Sahiban and Indic Deities and Heroes - surrounding Bhan Singh worshipping Mahakaal
Japji Sahib
Havan
Raag Raagnis
Janamsakhis
The B-40 Janamsakhi - dated 1733
Baba Nanak speaks to Shah Rukn-ud-Din of God - in thirty verses of 'Koranic pattern' expounding Sikhi
Baba Nanak , Guru Angad and Mardana
episodes from the life of Guru Nanak
Janam sakhi from 1777
Bhai Bala Janamsakhi early 19th century - Punjab State archives
A lavishly illustrated Janamsakhi in the archives of Sikh Dharma Espanola USA
The Janam Sakhies of Bhagat Kabeer Ji and other Bhagats - from the Guru Nanak Museum Leicester UK.
Janam sakhies from the National Museum New Delhi
Janam sakhi from the Sikh Reference Library Amritsar.
Hath Likht Granths
18th century Sri Sarbloh Granth Sahib
Prem Sumarg Granth
Hanuman Natak
Yog Vashishat (Nirban Prakaran)
Asv Medth Granth (Vedic Philosphies)
Waphae Dil Jawahar Panjabi Translation of a Persian Granth on Medicine by Hakime Misari Maharaja Sansar Chand
Hakim Balwinder Singh - a village doctor who uses ancient prescriptions of Unami and Ayurvedic medicines
The decorated 'Kavach' or Char Aina armour of Guru Gobind Singh Ji - in the possession of the Royal House of Patiala
A decorated Chakar
Sikh Raaj
Gutka of Rani Jindan
The exquisite Gutka of Rani Jindan - in the collection of the British Library - Sri Sukhmani Sahib in gorgeous calligraphy, white letters on a black background with gold decoration
The Seal Ring of Maharaja Ranjit Singh - carved emerald set in gold - reads " Akaal Sahai Ranjit Singh 1869 "(CE 1812) - in reverse as it would be used as seal.
reverse;
I recently had the incredible good fortune to acquire some hand written Gutkas - the gutkas include a large amount of Gurbani all arranged by Raag and include Bhagat Bani - The calligraphy is so beautiful.
A document dated 1934 (CE 1877) bearing the Mohur of Sri Takht Sahib Akaal Bunga - giving the authorized method of preparing "Amrit" and giving rehat.
The Large Birh - Sri Amritsar - scribed by Bhai Pratap Singh (completed in CE 1908)
Tiny manuscripts
A small Chaupai Sahib gutka
A tiny Gurmukhi manuscript in the Field Museum Chicago USA
Frescoes, Inscriptions, & Darvaaze.
Mural from the walls of the Ram Rai Darbar, Dehra Dun (Murals date from the 17th to the 19th century) - depicting Guru Nanak and Bhai Mardana - note the Gurmukhi Script and the depiction of the instruments
Mural from the 'Akhara' of Bala Nand, Amritsar
The Murals from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai Sahib - the 'later' style of Gurmukhi calligraphy was a factor in helping to date these murals
Inscriptions on the Gold panels of Sri Darbar Sahib. Amritsar ;
Above the main western door ;
The northern door
The southern door
The original panel in storage
The opening slok from Sri Sukhmani Sahib - Darshani Deori
Darshani Deori - ਸਿਰ ਮਸ੍ਤਕ ਰਖ੍ਯ੍ਯਾ ਪਾਰਬ੍ਰਹਮੰ ਹਸ੍ਤ ਕਾਯਾ ਰਖ੍ਯ੍ਯਾ ਪਰਮੇਸ੍ਵਰਹ ॥ Guru Arjan Sahib ang 1358
The 'Dhup Ghari' - Sundial, next to the fifth lamp post of the northern side of the causeway that leads to Darbar Sahib - built by Sardar Lehna Singh Majithie in CE 1852
Window on the first floor of Sri Darbar Sahib
Walls of the First floor
naqqsh work - "ਬਹੁ ਸਾਸਤ੍ਰ ਬਹੁ ਸਿਮ੍ਰਿਤੀ ਪੇਖੇ ਸਰਬ ਢਢੋਲਿ ॥ ਪੂਜਸਿ ਨਾਹੀ ਹਰਿ ਹਰੇ ਨਾਨਕ ਨਾਮ ਅਮੋਲ ॥" Mahalla 5 ang 265
Panel from the Gold Doors of Sri Darbar Sahib - Showing Guru Ram Das Sahib - excavating the Sarovaar - and the 'Dithey Sabhe Thaav' Shabad
The Memorial erected by The 35th Sikhs battalion in 1894
"Eh chakar paltan number 35 Sikh ne tareek 16 (?) April 1894 mutaabak 5 Vasaakh san 1952 Nu Siri Darbar Sahib Amritsar da darshan karan di ar Ishnaan karan di yaadgar vich Ardass karaiya "
Saragarhi Memorial
Sahib Sri Guru Granth Sahib - Aj da Furman - Mukh Vaak
memorials on the marble
Inscription at Mukhtsar Sahib
Inscription on the Palki /Canopy above Guru Sahib in Darbar Sahib, Dera Baba Nanak - shabad from raag Bilaval M1 ang 795 " ਭਗਤਿ ਹੀਣੁ ਨਾਨਕੁ ਜੇ ਹੋਇਗਾ ਤਾ ਖਸਮੈ ਨਾਉ ਨ ਜਾਈ"
Inlay work from Sri Hazoor Sahib
Mukh Vaak Sri Hazoor Sahib - Guru Granth Sahib and Sri Dasm Granth Sahib
The Darwaza - door to the room that houses the shastar of Guru Gobind Singh at Takht Kesgarh Sahib
Door at Harian Velan Gurdwara (Hoshiaarpur)
Main Darwaza Panja Sahib (Pakistan)
Foundation stone Panja Sahib
Panja Sahib
Multi Lingual Road Sign showing way to Kartarpur Sahib Pakistan
Door panel from Janam Asthan Nankana Sahib - Sacha Sauda - 'Nanak Ke Ghar Keval Naam'
These next images are distressing pictures of Gurdwaras in Pakistan , abandoned since partition.
This wonderful early 19th century Gurdwara was built by Baba Nath Singh - in Sialkot, to commemorate the Stay of Guru Nanak . Note how the Marble Slabs have been covered in Koranic verses .
A particularly upsetting picture of a Gurdwara in Abottabad - the abandoned 'sukhasan asthan' full of debris particularly so.
Gurdwara Shahid Ganj - Lahore in around 1949
Singh Sabha, ManSehra - now a library but still bears it's Gurmukhi name plate
The arrival of the British in India saw the development of the Punjabi printing press - as early as 1808 Prof. William Carey had developed Gurmukhi printing characters and published a Punjabi Grammar in 1812. With the spread of Christian missionaries in Punjab,after the Fall of the Sikh Empire, the New Testament was translated and printed in Gurmukhi letters and dictionaries were produced.
Gurmukhi Printing akhar produced by Carey
The 'father' of Gurmukhi printing is seen as Dhani Ram Chatrik - a famous Punjabi poet - he was the first to print saroops of Sri Guru Granth Sahib at his Sudarshan Printing Press.
Initially Saroops of Guru Sahib were lithographed - 'stone printed' or 'pathar chhaap' and gradually were printed using characters made from metal.
Lithographed Saroops and other literature
Lithographed saroop from the collection of the British Library - published by Matbai Aftaab Press in 1868 at Lahore
from the collection of the Guru Nanak Museum, Leicester. UK
A lithographed copy of Giani Gian Singh's 'Twareek Guru Khalsa'
Vichar Sagar
A printed Gur Partap Suraj Granth
Printed saroops
A Miniature saroop
Sri Dasm Granth Sahib
Modern Hath Likht Saroops
Gurmeet Singh
Beautiful pictures of Keertani Master Niranjan Singh performing the sewa of writing a saroop of Guru Sahib.
Hath Likht Saroop
Chaupa Singh Rahit Nama
The first page of a handwritten copy of the 18th century manuscript of the Bhai Chaupa Singh Rahit Nama - that was, up until the 1984 attack, in the Sikh Reference Library Amritsar.
The exceptionally clear handwriting is that of W H Mcleod.
Laridaar Gutka - printed by the Satnam Trust, Canada
Some unusual Gurmukhi typefaces
Some 'Durlab' paintings
a late 18th century pahari brush drawing from the workshop of Nainsukh - Guru Nanak Sahib with an opened Pothi Sahib - on a slok from Sukhmani Sahib - 'Gian Anjan Gur Diya Agian Andher Binaas'
Sri Japji Sahib
An embroidered Japji Sahib
Learning Gurmukhi
Santhia / Paath Bodh
Adorable pictures from the Punjabi School, Nanakana Sahib, Pakistan. How blessed are these girls to walk on the same ground walked on by Guru Nanak Sahib , to go to school where Guru Sahib went to school. The pictures remind me of 'calendar' prints which depict Guru Nanak Sahib at School , also with 'fatti' in hand. The 'dawat' in the girl's hand also reminds me of my own time at Gurdwara Punjabi school - being kids growing up in England, we didn't know what a 'dawat' was - but the 'kaidey' books we used to learn the 'Penti' (Oora Aira,) always had 'Daddaa Dawat' - in the same way, despite being from pendu Jatt zamindaar families, none of us knew that 'thaththaa thann' referred to a cows udders !!!
Guru Nanak at school
Mural from the Baba Atal Tower
'Dawat and Thann'
Talking of Calendar prints here is one of my favourites as a child - 'Waheguru Naam Jahaaz He - Charey so utharey paar'
The lost art of writing letters
Growing up I remember the utter joy on my parents' faces when they received those blue airmail letters from family in Punjab - nowadays no one sends letters, I still remember wonderfully penned letters sent by my mother's family - written in hard to decipher larivaar gurmukhi.
I remember being about 7 and asking my Mum - how come no one sends me any Punjabi letters. She wrote one and posted it to me - I still have it - here it is ;
Here is a letter sent by Awtar Singh Johal of Coventry in 1950 - it is written in verse (dohra) - describing his journey to England by ship, to his wife in Punjab
My 'O' Level Punjabi examination paper - taken when I was at school. I got a 'B' - my teacher was not happy - I fluffed the oral exam !
Engraved Karas
A kara with the Chachri Chhant from Jaap Sahib in gold koftgaari
My 'budget' version in stainless steel
chachri cchant
opening slok from Sukhmani Sahib
Some more examples of Gurmukhi from 'our house'
To finish - or more correctly where it all begins - Gurmukhi Akhar, the 'penti' magnets on our fridge.(available from [
www.sikhlink.net])
In order to tap into the treasure house of Gurbani - we all need to make an effort to learn to read Gurmukhi .
The photo essay ends here - get right clicking & saving and share the wealth - with everyone !! - I hope you enjoyed this mammoth post.
It is my little homage to Gurmukhi - and Jugo Jug Atal Sahib SatGuru Sri Guru Granth Sahib Jee Maharaaj.
* Dhan Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji * Dhan Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji * Dhan Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji
Pyaar Naal,
Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh !!
Ranjit Singh Chohan (Freed)
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Singh, Patwant and Gurmeet Thukral. Gurdwaras in Indian and around the World. Himalayan Books. New Delhi. 1992
Singh, Patwant. The Golden Temple. ET. Hong Kong. 1989
Singh, Principal Satbir. Album Central Sikh Museum. SGPC Amritsar. 1991.
Virdee, Pippa. Coming to Coventry. Cov. PCT & The Herbert. Coventry. 2006.
Websites
Guru Nanak Sikh Museum. Leicester. UK. [
www.thesikhmuseum.com]
Western Sikh Students' Association [
www.westernssa.com]
Sikh Heritage UK [
www.sikh-heritage.co.uk]
Flickr [
www.flickr.com]
If I have used your picture and not given you credit please post your details and I will give you a credit or remove the picture if you wish.
